MỘT SỐ THÀNH TỰU CỦA NHÀ NGUYỄN TRONG VIỆC TIẾP THU TRI THỨC, ÁP DỤNG KỸ THUẬT PHƯƠNG TÂY
Khdi nguyen viec tiep thu tri thdc va
cac thanh tUu ky thuat phUdng Tay
cua Nha Nguyen bat dau tU sU tiep xuc eua
Nguyen Anh vdi nhiing ngUdi chau Au nhim
tim kiem sU giup dd de cho’ng Tay Sdn.
Khi chfnh quyen ho Nguyen d Dang
Trong hi lUc lUOng Tay Sdn danh dd, dng
hoang tre Nguyen Anh da phai tro’n chay
va cau cdu ngUdi phUdng Tay. Sau khi lan
lugt eau cdu ngudi Bo Dao Nha d Ma Cao,
ngUdi Tay Ban Nha d Ma Ni, ngUdi Ha Lan
d Batavia, ngUdi Anh d Calcutta va cau
vien nUdc Phap deu vd hieu, Nguyen Anh
da phai nhd den vai tro ca nhan cua Ba Da
Lgc (Giam muc ngUdi Phap) (1). Tii cugc
gap gd dau tien vao nam 1777 tai dao Thd
Chu, ca Nguyen Anh va Ba Da Lgc deu
nhan thay sU can thie’t phai nUdng tiia, hd
trd nhau. Mgt ben can sU giup dd de phuc
hdi cd do ddng ho, mgt ben mud’n ldi dung
de thuc day cong cugc truyen giao va
“phung sU cho ldi fch nUdc Phap” sau nay.
Bing sU nd lUc ca nhan, Ba Da Lgc da
van dgng dUdc mgt so’ ngUdi Phap am hieu
ve quan sU va ky thuat den giup Nguyin
Anh, trong do ndi tieng phai ke den
Chaigneau (cd ten Viet la Nguyen Van
Thing), Vannier (Nguyin Vdn Chin) (2),
Puymanel (Nguyin Van Tfn) (3), J.M. Dayot
(Nguyin Van Trf) (4)…Ngoai ra, “dUdi
trUdng” Nguyen Anh cdn cd eac nhan vat
ngudi Phap khac cd ten Viet la Nguyen Van
Chieu, Nguyen Van Hao, Le Van Lang,
Thing, Chan, Tin, Trf, Chieu, Hao, Lang
deu la ten Viet do Nguyen Anh dat cho.
“Chieu nguyen ten la Mdn-lai-phu-tfl,… Hdo
la Thdn-ba-hu)” (5).
Khong chi cd ngUdi Phap, Nguyin Anh
eon cd ngudi Tay Ban Nha, ngUdi Bd Dao
Nha, ngudi Anh giup sdc. Cd the thd’ng ke
nhdng ngUdi phUdng Tay tieu bieu trong
lUc lUdng cua Nguyen Anh cho’ng Tay Sdn,
dd la, ngoai Ba Da Lgc, cdn ed: Vannier-si
quan hai quan, Chaigneau-vien chdc, de
Forsant-vien chdc, V.O. de Puymanel-dai
ta edng binh, Laurent Barizy-dai ta bg
binh, J.M. Dayot-si quan hai quan, F.
Dayot, Despiaux…(ngUdi Phap), Antonio
Vicente Rosa, Antonio Jose Gamboa (ngUdi
Bd Dao Nha), Manuel (ngUdi Tay Ban
Nha), Jacques Liot (hay cha Jacques ddng
Franciscain?) (6). Su tham gia cua cac cd
van phUdng Tay nay da giup eho Nguyin
TS. Khoa Lich sU – Trudng Dai hoc Su pham Ha Ngi
gidt so thanh hni ciia nha Rgiryen. 29
Anh td chdc lai quan ddi, khien cho quan
Nguyin trd nen tinh nhue, hoan thien kha
nang chien da’u va gianh nhiing thing ldi
quyet dinh trUdc dd’i phUdng.
Sau khi danh bai Tay Sdn va lap ra
trieu Nguyin, vua Gia Long da sfl dung tdi
40 ngudi nUdc ngoai (chu yeu la ngUdi
phUdng Tay) trong trieu dinh, vdi vai trd co’
van, phien dich, day tieng nUdc ngoai va
tnic tie’p dam nhan cac chdc vu. Trong so’
nhdng ngUdi phUdng Tay, quen thugc nha’t
vin la Chaigneau va Vannier. Chaigneau
dUdc phong tude Toan thing hiu, chiic
Chudng ed, Kham sai dai thin. Vannier
ciing dUdc phong tUdc hau, chdc Chudng cd.
Mac du nhiing ngudi phUdng Tay chi
dUde trgng dung d thdi Nguyin Anh-Gia
Long (7), nhUng da ed vai trd cUc ky quan
trgng trong viec truyen ba tri thdc, giup hg
Nguyen ap dung cd hieu qua cac thanh tUu
ky thuat phUdng Tay de hien dai hda quan
dgi, cung nhu md diu cho vigc nha Nguyen
hgc tdp phUdng Tay mgt each rgng rai hdn d
cac trieu dai sau. Dudi day la nhiing thanh
tUu chu yeu ma nha Nguyen da dat dUdc.
1. Che tao vd khi
Dudi thdi Nguyen, cac xUdng due khf
gidi cua nha nUdc dUde dieu khien bdi Sd
Do’c cdng thugc Vu khd’, dat tnic tiep dUdi
quyen Bg Binh. Vu khf dUdc san xua’t gdm
nhieu chung loai, nhUng ky thuat phUdng
Tay chi dUde ap dung cho viec che tao mgt
so’loai vii khf. Tinh hinh cu the nhu sau:
Che tgo sung
Sung tu che theo ky thuat phUdng Tay
cua quan xUdng nha Nguyin, ve cd ban cd 2
loai: sung dai bac (sung ldn) va sung tay
(sfl dung ca nhan).
Ve ky thuat, sung dugc due theo Id, mdi
16 mgt khdu. Ld dUdc dao sau xud’ng dit.
Quy trinh due sung trai qua cac khau: lam
mau, tao khuon, nung khuon, nau chay
ddng, rdt ddng, lam ngudi, mai be mat
sung… Cac khau nay deu dUdc lam theo ky
thuat thu cong (8). Cac yeu to’ ky thuat
phUdng Tay dUdc ap dung chu yeu d hinh
thdc, kieu dang, cau tao nong va cd sung.
Co ca trUdng hdp co sung dUdc mua san cua
nUdc ngoai de lap vao sung tay tu che theo
kieu thde phUdng Tay. Sach Dgi Nam thiCc
luc cho biet, cac nha che tao thdi Nguyen
da co’ gang lam dUde mgt so’ vii khf theo
mau cua nUdc ngoai, nhU sung “Phuc ba
tudng quan” cua nha Thanh (1879), sung
may cua Phap (1859), sung may cua Hoa
Ky, cua Ddc (1883) va sung trUdng kieu
nam 1874 cua Phap” (9).
Sung dai bac c6 nhieu loai, trong dd cd
sung Chan Hai, Xung Tieu. Sung Chan Hai
CO hai loai; bing gang va bing dong. Theo
Kham dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sil le, sung
Chan Hai bing gang due “theo dung each
thiic phUdng Tay” co dUdng kfnh ndng sung
2 tac 2 phan. Sung Chan Hai bang dong cd
dudng kfnh ndng sung 1 tac 9 phan. Sung
Xung Tieu bing dong co 2 ed theo dUdng
kfnh ndng sung: loai 5 tac 4 phan va loai 5
tac (10). Nam 1835, vua Minh Mang da cho
mua cac loai sung gang cua phUdng Tay,
ddng thdi lenh cho thd Vii Kho’ mo phdng
hinh dang, kfch thudc sung Tay de due cac
loai sung Chan Hai, Xung tieu (11).
Thdi Tu Ddc, viec ap dung ky thuat
phUdng Tay trong che tao dai bac cd bUdc
tien dang ke. Nam 1859, Hoang Van Hien,
tUdng muc Vu Kho’ dUdc giao nhiem vu che
tac sung dai bac bing dong. Thang 11 due
xong, nong sung dai 7 thUdc, gom 3 den 4
doan nd’i vdi nhau bing dUdng xoay tron dc;
dudng kfnh ndng: 2 den 3 phan (12). Loai
sung nay khi bin vin phai dd’t thud’c nd, tao
nen lUc, day dan theo ndng sung ra ngoai.
30 Rghien cuu Lich sfl. so 3.2010
Sung tay: Phd bien la loai sung Dieu
ThUdng (hay Dieu Sang), sung trUdng may
da, c6 kfch thude nho, dung de trang bi cho
binh si. Loai siing nay dUdc san xua’t nhieu
d cdng trUdng Vii kho’ va mgt so’ dia phUdng
tu Ha Tinh trd ra Bic (13).
Sung tay kieu phUdng Tay bit dau dUdc
che tac tU thdi Minh Mang. Nam 1823, “Vu
kho’ che thfl sung tay, thuo’c nd manh theo
kieu Tay dUdng” (14). Cung dudi trieu
Minh Mang, nha vua cho mua thiet bi
phUdng Tay ve lip rap vdi than sung tu che
trong nude. Theo Dgi Nam thiic luc, nam
1835, vua “Ra lenh cho Vu khd’trfch lay hdn
3000 cai than sung Dieu Sang mdi lam, rdi
sdc cho thd, theo dung miu, lip hdn 3000 bg
may thach cd (co sung- tac gia ehu) do phai
vien da mua cua Tay dUdng” (15). Sau thfl
nghiem ndy, viec che tao sung tay kieu
phUdng Tay dUdc phd bien rgng rai. Bg Binh
da “phai nhiing thd due cd may da vao cac
tinh Nam Ky va di tdi thanh Tra’n Tay chi
ve ve cac may mdc sung Dieu thUOng” (16).
Thdi Tu Ddc, viec che tao sung tay kieu
phUdng Tay vin tie’p tuc, mac du khdng
san xua’t hang loat nhU trUde day. Nam
1859, vua chieu tap nhiing ngUdi cd “ky
nghe tai kheo co the che tao khi gidi danh
giac dUde” dUa ve Vu kho’ va sai due “sung
sit may Phat Lan (Phap) 50 cay, each thdc
1 ddan 9 vien” (17).
Che tgo dgn
Dan chu yeu la dan nd, cd thuo’c dan d
trong va vo kim loai, khi no cd sde cdng pha
va sat thUdng ldn, vdi ten ggi la “dia chan
loi”, phan biet vdi thd dan da, dan gang
khong gay nd sau khi dUdc dai bac bin di.
Cung bdi ten ggi “dia chin loi” ma ed ngUdi
cho nd la mgt thd “min” va xem ra rat ed ly
(18). Dieu nay cang cd ly hdn bdi “dia chan
loi” ra ddi rat mugn, vao thdi Tu Ddc, so vdi
nhiing khau dai bae Chan Hai hay Xung
Tieu dUde che theo ky thuat phUdng Tay
ngay tU thdi Minh Mang. Song, dieu quan
trgng do la thd vii khf gay nd va chi dUde
san xuat nhd ap dung ky thuat phUdng Tay.
Thang 1 nam 1856, “dia chan ldi” dUdc
che tao lan dau tien vk dem thf nghiem d
trUdng ban cd ket qua (19). Cung trong nam
nay, mgt cugc thfl nghiem khac lai dUdc tien
hanh. Sach Dgi Nam thiic luc cho biet,
thang 4 Am lich ndm 1856, Trieu dinh eho
‘Thl nghiem dan dia chin ldi dUde dung nhU
mau thdc. Thudng cho ngUdi nguyen phai di
coi lam la Hiep quan Le Van Le ao quin va
ngan tien de khuyen khfch” (20).
Sau khi Phap tan cong Da Ning (1-9-
1858), viec cung cd’ he thd’ng phdng thu
dUde nha Nguyen tien hdnh khan trUdng.
Cac loai vii khf mdi, trong dd cd “dia chin
loi” dUdc sfl dung. Thang 3 ndm 1859, trieu
dinh cho “Cung cd’ va phdng thu cfla bien
Thuan An: dip 3 ldy da’t Hy Du, Ld Chau
va Hai Trinh; dSt sung ldn bing ddng; dat
dan “dia chin loi” (21). Thang 4 ndm 1859,
Hiep quan Le Tri lai dUde “giao nhiem vu
che tao dan “dia chin ldi” (22).
Che tgo thuo’c sung
Viec che tao sung va “dia chin ldi” ed
lien quan chat che vdi viec che tao thudc
sung (hay thud’c dan). Thud’c sung dUdc che
tao tu cac loai “hda dUde” va cung la thanh
tUu cua viec ap dung ky thuat phUdng Tay,
tu khau pha che den khau gia, luyen bdi
may mdc chay bing sdc nUdc.
«
Ky thuat pha che thud’c sung cd ngay tfl
thdi Gia Long, sang thdi Minh Mang cdn
tie’n trien hdn va ed the da cd sii hgc hdi tU
thud’c nd cd sdc edng pha manh cua phUdng
Tay thdi bay gid (23). Ndm 1829, trieu
Nguyin eho lap xudng che’ thud’c sung diu
tien theo ky thuat mdi d HUu Trach, sdng
5T6t 50 thanh tyru cua nha Rguyen… 31
HUdng. Sach Dgi Nam thiic luc cho biet,
trieu dinh “Sai quan kho Hda dUde la Tdn
That Thiem dem 100 linh Thin ed che cdi
gd chay bing sUc nUdc d khe Kim Nggc de
gia-luyen thud’c sung, ggi ten Id xe “Thuy
hda ky te” (24).
Viec che tao thud’c sung vin dUde tie’p
tue dudi thdi Tii Ddc. Nam 1864, trieu dinh
lai “Cho lap edng trUdng gia thud’c sung
bing sdc nUdc tai xd Thac Ong, thugc
huyen HUdng Tra, Thda Thien” (25). The
nhUng, day da Id thdi diem Phap chiem
xong 3 tinh mien Ddng Nam Ky, huge trieu
Nguyen phai ky Hiep Ude Nham Tuat
(1862), thUa nhan quyen chiem ddng cua
chung d 3 tinh nay.
2. Dong tdu-thuyen
Ngay khi eon d Gia Dinh, vdi sU giup dd
cua nhiJng si quan hai quan Phap nhU
anh em nha Dayot, Vannier, Forsant,
Chaingneau, Nguyen Anh da cd y thdc che
tao loai thuyen chien bgc ddng theo ky
thuat cua phUdng Tay. Sau khi len ngoi,
Gia Long tiep tuc duy tri cac xudng ddng
tau ldn d Gia Dinh, lap them cdng xUdng d
Nghg An va dae biet thiet lap rat nhieu
xUdng ddng thuyen d Kinh dd Hue. Cac
thuyen chien dUde ddng trong thdi gian
ndy chu yeu la kieu: “thuyen Tay dUdng
hang nhd” va “thuyen Hai dao hang nhd”
(26).
Ke tuc Gia Long, Minh Mang trd thdnh
vi vua cd nhieu nd liic nhit trong vigc che
tao cac tau – thuyen theo ky thuat phUdng
Tay. Xudng Thanh PhUde d Kinh do Hue la
cd sd ddng thuyen ldn, chuyen ddng thuyen
bgc ddng cac hang cua trieu dinh. Khdng
ddng lai d kieu “thuyen Tay dUdng”, trieu
Nguyen eon tien hdnh che thfl cae loai
“thuyen hda cd” (hay tau may hdi nUde) va
da thdnh edng sau mgt so’lan that bai.
Mac du viec che tao eac tau may hdi
nUdc khdng the tien hanh dai trd vi td’n kem
va no lUe tap trung qua eao, nhUng dieu dd
chdng td nha Nguyen da rat cd’ gang trong
viec ap dung ky thuat phUdng Tay vao linh
viic nay, ciing nhU cho thiy sU tai tri cua thd
thu cdng Viet Nam thdi bay gid. John White
mgt si quan hai quan My da tdi nUdc Dai
Nam nam 1820 nhan xet: “NgUdi Viet qua la
nhiing nha ddng tau thanh thao. Hg hoan
thanh cdng trinh cua hg vdi mgt ky thuat
het sdc chfnh xac” (27). Cd hai loai tau,
thuyen dUdc ddng theo kieu phUdng Tay la
thuyen bgc ddng va tau may hdi nUde.
Thuyen bgc dong: La loai thuyen ldn,
ldm bing gd, bgc ddng ben ngoai. Loai
thuyen nay dUde chia thanh nhieu hang:
hang ldn, hang nha’t, hang nhi, hang ba;
dUde dat ten theo quy dinh cua cae thd
hang. Vf du: Bao Long, Thai Loan, Phin
Bing la thuyen dgi hgng; Vu Phi, Van
Dieu, Thin Giao, Thg Hac la hgng nhd’t;
Tinh DUdng, Binh DUdng, Diem DUdng la
hgng nhi, Thanh Hai, Tinh Hai, Binh Hai,
Dinh Hai la hgng ba.
Cling cd the da cd mgt so’ it thuyen bgc
ddng trong cac ddn vi thuy quan cua Nguyen
Anh, song loai thuyen nay phd bien hdn tU
khi Nguyin Anh len ngoi (1802). Sau nay,
Gia Long tap trung mgi no lUc cho viec ddng
thuyen theo kieu Tay dUdng loai nho, cdn
thuyen bgc ddng ehi dUde dUdc phat trien
hdng loat d eac thdi vua sau.
Vua Minh Mang la ngUdi rat chu trgng
cai tien thuyen bgc ddng. Ngay sau khi len
ngdi, dng da cho mua mgt chiee thuyen bgc
ddng ldn cua Phap dai 6 trUdng 5 thudc 5
tic, rgng 1 trUdng 8 thudc, sau 1 trUdng 2
thudc 5 tie. Sau dd nhd vua lenh cho xUdng
thuyen Trieu dinh md phdng theo ky thuat
cua thuyen nay ma che tao them nhieu
chiee khac (28).
32 Rghien ciiru Lich sfl. sg 3.2010
Thdi Thieu Tri, viec ddng thuyen loai
nay vin dUdc tiep tue. Sach Dgi Nam thiic
luc cho biet, nam Thieu Tri thd 5 (1845):
“Ddng thuyen Bao Long hoc ddng (dai 9
trUdng 9 thUdc ngang 2 trUdng 3 thUdc, sau
1 trUdng 7 thUde, theo each thdc thuyen
Thai Loan). Cho de do’c Doan Kim trdng coi
viec nay” (29).
Nhin chung dudi thdi Thieu Tri, Tii Diic,
cac xUdng dong thuyen khong c6 cai tien gi
dang ke ve thuyen bgc ddng. Tuy nhien, viec
ap dung ky thuat phUdng Tay vao che tao
loai thuyen nay c6 ve da rat phd bien. Vi the,
vien Trung iiy hai quan Phap B.de Corbigny
de’n Hue nam 1875 da nhan xet: “Chung toi
di ngang qua eac xudng ddng tau cua Nha
nUdc, Tren mgt chiee cd vai thd dang ldm
viec, va mgt chiee mdi ha thuy cho tdi cd
dUdc mgt y nghi chfnh xac ve cac con thuyen
di tren bien ldn. Cac sd dd ddng thuyen nay
gid’ng vdi sd dd cac thuyen Tay phUdng
trongthe ky trUdc” (30). ‘ .’• .>.’1 • .w
Tdu mdy hai niidc: Day la phUdng tien
ma sfl sach nha Nguyen thUdng ggi la
“thuyen hoa cd”, vo’n dUdc phat minh tii
phUdng Tay hdi diu the ky XIX. Tau may
hdi nUdc cua phUdng Tay da tUng xuat hien
trong liie lUdng thuy binh eua Nguyen Anh
d thap nien cud’i the ky XVIII (do Nguyin
Anh thue hoae mUdn dUdc), song nha
Nguyen chi chinh thdc che tao loai phUdng
tien nay tU cuo’i thdi Minh Mang.
Nam 1838, nhan tha’y Uu diem “kieu
thuyen ay nhd hdi ma chuyen dgng khdng
can gid nUdc thuan hay nghich, khong bit
sdc ngUdi cheo cho’ng ma thuyen tu phdng
nhanh…”, vua Minh Mang da “sflc cho Vd
kho’ nghien cdu theo dung each thdc
thuyen may mua cua Tay dUdng trUdc day
de tau len xin lam” (31). Sau cugc thf
nghiem lan dau vao thang 2 nam 1839 that
bai vi “ndi hdi bi vd”, den thang 4 thi
nghiem da thdnh cdng (32). Sach Dgi Nam
thiic luc chep: Nam 1839, “Vua di chdi cau
sdng Nhi Ha, xem thf nghiem thuyen may
hdi nUde, thiy may mdc linh dgng, chay di
nhanh nhe, thUdng Do’c cdng Phd giam do’c
Hoang va n Lich, Vii Huy Trinh mdi ngudi
mgt nhi n pha le bit vang, mgt ddng Phi
long dai kim tien, lai gia ham eho giam do’c,
them hai cap, thudng khip ca do’c cdng va
linh thg 1.000 quan tien” (33).
Thang 10 nam 1839, chiee tdu may hdi
nUdc thd hai ra ddi, phf td’n che tao la
11.000 quan. Chiee nay dai 4 trUdng 3
thudc 2 tic, rgng 8 thUdc 1 tic, sau 3 thudc
6 tie. Dae biet, neu nhU chiee diu cdn diing
may cii cua tau Tay lap vao, thi chide nay
cd bg may mdi do Giam ddc Hoang Van
Lieh che ra (34), (35).
Nam 1840, trieu dinh lai mua mgt chiee
tau cii, may mdc da han ri, ndi sat rd nUdc,
chay cham. Vua sai thd thao ra xem xet,
ehinh dd’n lai, cho chay thi vdi thuyen Binh
Hai (vd’n ndi tieng chay nhanh) tU cfla
Thuan An den cfla Dd Nang. Ket qua,
thuyen may chay nhanh hdn. Ngay sau dd,
theo each thdc chiee tdu vUa mua, chiee tau
hang trung kieu mdi dUde che tao, ed ky
thuat cai tien hdn. Sach Dgi Nam thiic luc
ghi: “Lam cai tdu hdi nUdc hang trung kieu
mdi. Sai ChUdng vg Doan Kim, Chanh Phd
giam do’c Le Van Quy, Le van Xuyen chieu
theo the che each thdc tau chay hdi nUde
hang to mdi mua ve cham ehude ma ldm”.
Sach nay eon ghi rat diy du kich thude vk
eac bg phan chi tiet cua tau, cung nhU chat
lieu (gd lim, sat, ddng) de lam cae bg phan
dd (36).
Nhu vay, cho den cuo’i thdi Minh Mang,
nha Nguyen da cd 4 tau may hdi nUdc:
Chiee mdi mua loai ldn ggi la Yen Phi,
chiee vUa mdi ddng hang trung ggi \k Van
Phi va chiee nhd la Vu Phi, cdn chiee eii.
HTot so thanh tuu ciia nha Rgiryen. 33
hang trung dung lam tau van tai, ggi la “6
thuyen” (tau den).
Thdi Thieu Tri, viec mo phong theo kieu
miu tiu may hdi nUdc cua phUdng Tay vin
dUde tien hanh. Nha vua da eho thao chiee
tau Yen Phi, phong theo de dong chiee Van
Phi mdi nhU chiee Van Phi cii; ddng thdi
dong them mgt chiee nho dat ten \k HUdng
Phi. Den thdi Tu Ddc, nha vua eho tu bd lai
tau Yen Phi, ddng nhd lai thuyen Van Phi.
NhUng nhin chung, dUdi cae trieu Thieu
Tri, Tu Ddc, viec ddng tau may hdi nUde
khdng cd nhieu thanh tUu. Dae biet la dudi
trieu Tu Ddc, sau nam 1858 (Phap tan
cdng Da Nang), do tinh hinh chinh tri,
quan sii phdc tap, trieu dinh khdng the dau
tu cho viec tu ddng tau may hdi nUde niia,
ma thay vao dd la viec dat mua cae tau
may td nUdc ngoai. ‘•’•”’:
3. Cdc hoqt dgng cong nghe khdc
Ngodi nhiing thanh tUu dat dUde trong
viec che tao vu khi va ddng tau-thuyen,
quan xUdng nha Nguyen cdn tien hanh che
tao mdy xe gd chay bing sdc trau, siic nUdc,
mdy nghien thudc sung van hanh nhd thac
nude, mdy hut niidc tiidi ruong, xe ciiu hoa…
tren ed sd ap dung eac nguyen ly ky thuat
eua phUdng Tay. Dieu dd the hien sii tai
kheo, y thdc khong ngdng hgc hdi, cai tien
ky thuat cua eac nha chuyen mon va thd thu
edng Viet Nam thdi bay gid. Mgt nha buon
Phap la Auguste Borel, cd mat d Viet Nam
nam 1817 da nhan xet: “ngUdi thd Viet Nam
rat kheo leo, tuy khdng cai thien nhiing do
vat hg trdng tha’y, nhUng hg biet each bat
chudc dung het cac dd vat ay” (37).
Thanh tUu sdm phai nhic den d day do la
viec quan xUdng trieu Minh Mang da che ra
xe ‘Thuy sUdng” (tdc xe chd nUdc) de cd the
sfl dung khi chfla chay (cd vdi phun nUde len
cao) hodc tUdi rugng chdng han. Sfl sach
trieu Nguyen cho biet, nam 1826, “Ty Vii
kho’ dUde lenh ddng xe “Thuy sUdng” bit
chudc theo xe cua ngUdi Tay dUdng” (38).
Dudi trieu Minh Mang, viec che tao
thud’c sung dUde tien hanh tren quy mo ldn,
song dieu dang lUu y khdng chi d bUdc tien
cua ky nghe hda chat, pha che thuo’c nd, md
con d cho ngUdi ta da biet che tao mgt loai
may theo nguyen ly ky thuat phUdng Tay
de dung cho viec luyen thudc sdng, dd la
may “Thuy hda ky te”. May nay dUdc che
tac va dUa vao sfl dung tU nam 1829, tai
xUdng che thuo’c sung dau tien theo ky
thuat mdi cua nha Nguyen d Hflu Trach,
gin Khe Kim Nggc, thugc Hue (39). Dfch
than vua Minh Mang da “den khe doanh d
Hflu Trach, xem xe Thuy hda ky te*’ va td
ve “rat hai long” (40). Ky thuat lam xe
“Thuy hoa ky te*’ va cac loai xe chay bing
sflc nUdc noi chung la phai chgn ndi cd thac
nUdc, sflc nfldc c6 the lam quay dfldc banh
xe. Day la sfl van dung ky thuat mdi mk
trUde do chUa c6 d nUdc ta. Nam 1834, xe
Thuy hoa ky te lai dfldc che tao bdi mgt
ngUdi la Trfldng Viet Suy.
Vin theo nguyen ly ky thuat phUdng
Tay, quan xUdng trieu Nguyen da tien tdi
che tao may xe gd chay bing sflc nfldc. Nam
1837, vua ra lenh “Lam xe may cfla gd (bit
chfldc kieu miu Tay dUdng lam ra). Vua
thudng cho thd 100 quan tien” (41). Viec ldi
dung sflc nfldc de chay may da md ra mgt
trien vgng to ldn cho cac boat dgng cong
nghe. Bdi the, nam 1838, Minh Mang lai
cho “Lam xe may xe gd d thac Dai thon
Dfldng Hoa, nguon ta Trach. Sai bg Binh
bat mgt quan ve, 300 bien binh khdi dUdng
nfldc chay, dip bd de, tuy the ma lam, cong
viec lam xong, cim gd lam cfla, may mdc
nhanh nhe, xe thanh tam van, cung dfldc
bing phing, thfldng eho phd giam ddc che
ra la bgn Vu Huy Trinh 100 lang bac. Vua
34 Rghien cihi Lich sfl. sg 3.2010
bao Bd Cong ring: xe may nay so vdi cdng
ngUdi khong hdn kem lam, nhflng ding kia
la sflc ngUdi md day thi tU nhien, thi hdn
kem cd the tha’y dUde” (42).
Thdi Tu Dflc, do nhu ciu luyen thuo’c
sung tang len de phuc vu cho cac mat tran
cho’ng Phap nen trieu dinh tiep tue eho che
tao xe Thuy hoa ky te vao nam 1858 (43).
Viec che xe tat nUdc theo ky thuat phUdng
Tay cung phd bien hdn. Nam 1865, trieu
dinh “Bit diu eho che tao xe tat nUdc bing
trau keo, phdng theo each thflc cua Phap.
Sd Do’c cong chiu trach nhiem che tao 27 cd
de dfla cho cac tinh tfl Phu Yen, Binh Dinh
de’n Nghe An, Thanh Hda ldm miu che tao
them” (44).
Ciing de tiep thu ky thuat phfldng Tay
mgt each day du hdn, tfl sau nam 1860, nha
Nguyen cdn gfli ngfldi ra nfldc ngoai, nhfl
qua Phap (Toulon), qua Trung Hoa (Hfldng
Cang, Ma Cao) hgc nghe. Trong so’ nhflng
ngfldi dd cd Dang Huy Trfl (1825-1874) da
hai lan den Hfldng Gang va Ma Cao (1865,
1867) de “tham phdng dfldng tinh”. Ong da
cai trang gid’ng nhfl ngfldi Thanh de hoat
dgng. Ong cd vii nhflng ngfldi thd Viet Nam
dfldc phai sang Hfldng Gang tfch cflc tham
gia ddng tau thuy chay bing hdi nfldc do
ngfldi Anh hfldng din ky thuat. Ban than
ong cung da hgc nghe nhiep anh vk du nhap
nghe nay vao Viet Nam. Hieu anh cua dng
lay ten la “Cam Hieu Dfldng”, khai trfldng
ngay 11-3-1869 tai Ha Ngi. Day la hieu anh
dau tien trong lich sfl nfldc ta (45).
4. Ap dung tri thdc phuang Tdy
trong qudn dgi
Trong td chiic qudn dgi
Quan dgi nha Nguyin ra ddi tfl trfldc
khi trieu dai nay dfldc thiet lap, do chinh
Nguyin Anh gay dflng. De co du sflc manh,
Nguyin Anh da rat tfch cflc ap dung cac tri
thflc va ky thuat quan sfl phfldng Tay,
khdng chl thdng qua viec che tao, mua sim
vu khf va phUdng tien de trang bi eho quan
ddi, ma eon the hien d viec td chflc, huan
luyen ky thuat hanh binh va i.ac chien. Vdi
sU cd’ van cfla mdt so’ si quan Phap, Nguyin
anh da ed mgt dgi quan dUde td chflc, huan
luyen theo hfldng hien dai kieu chau Au.
Trong so’ cac ed’ van quan sii eua Nguyen
Anh, tieu bieu nhat phai ke den V.O.
Puymanel (46) va J.M Dayot (47).
De cd the dieu khien dUde dgi ngii covin
quan sii ndi tren, ban than Nguyen Anh
cung da tu minh nghien cflu cae tdi lieu
quan sii Phap. Theo tac gia Ho Van Ninh,
ngay khi eon lflu vong, Nguyen Anh da
dfldc Ba Da Lgc dich ra chfl Han nhieu tac
pham khoa hgc quan sfl cfla phfldng Tay de
dng dgc. Mgt tUdng linh Phap \k Lemonnier
cho biet Nguyin Anh da tflng dgc d Sai Gdn
nhflng binh thU ma Napoleon da tflng dgc.
Lemonnier viet: “NhQng cugc hdnh binh
cua vua xfl Nam Ky gid’ng nhau mgt each
ky la vdi nhflng cugc hdnh binh cfla De
nhat Cgng hda Phap, gid’ng ca ve mat td
chflc, ve vu khf va nha’t la ve anh hfldng
cua cac nha quan sfl Phap cud’i the ky
XVIII” (48).
Sau khi len ngdi, Gia Long vin tiep tuc
duy tri cd tfnh bit huge each thflc td chflc
quan dgi, hanh binh va tac chien kieu chau
Au, vdi sfl ed’ van cfla cae si quan Phap da
theo dng tfl trUde dd. Binh linh tham chf
cdn mac ddng phuc bing ni, da mua cua
Anh vk phfldng Tay (49).
Sang thdi Minh Mang, mac du da lin
Ifldt eho hdi hfldng nhflng ed’ van quan sU
phUdng Tay do nghi ngd nhflng ngUdi nay
lam gian diep, song nha Nguyin vin ed y
thflc ap dung each thflc td chflc quan ddi
cua phfldng Tay de hfldng tdi mdt dgi quan
co’t tinh nhue ma khdng ed’t nhieu, bd bdt
HTgt so thanh tuu cfla nha Rguyen… 35
lUdng ngUdi cim cd tfl 40 ngfldi xud’ng cdn 2
ngUdi cho 1 ve (500 quan). Quan dgi dfldc
trang bi hodn thien hdn, theo hUdng hien
dai. Bg binh cd Kinh binh va Cd binh, dUde
chia theo ddn vi “doanh” (2.500 ngudi), “ve”
(500 ngUdi), “dgi” (50 ngUdi), “thap” (10
ngUdi), va “ngu” (5 ngUdi) (50).
Thdi Thieu Tri td chflc quan dgi khdng
ed gi thay ddi. Thdi Tii Dflc, tinh hinh dat
nfldc rdi ren nen trieu dinh ehu y nhieu
hdn den viec vo bi, nhflng lai khdng ap
dung binh phap vk ft sfl dung ky thuat
quan sfl phfldng Tay, ma trd ve vdi binh
phap va ky thuat truyen thd’ng. Quan dgi
nha Nguyin vd’n da lae hau so vdi thdi dai,
lai cdng trd nen lac hau hdn. > ._ . ,-
Trang bi vd khi vdphiiOng tien cho qudn doi
Nhfl da neu tren, nha Nguyen tien hanh
che tao cac loai vu khf tren ed sd ap dung
ky thuat phfldng Tay khdng ngoai muc dfch
trang bi vdi so’ lUdng ldn cho quan ddi.
Song, khdng chi tU che, nhd Nguyin eon
tie’p tuc dat mua cua phUdng Tay nhflng vu
khf hien dai vk tinh nang td’t hdn de trang
bi cho quan dgi. Theo tac gia Dd Vdn Ninh,
thdi Gia Long, ve vu khf, cfl 113.000 li’nh ed
30.000 vu khf phUdng Tay, vk cfl 15.000
phao thu cd 400 dai bac. Ngoai ra, eon cd
12.000 than binh va cim binh canh phdng
ciing dfldc trang bi sung dieu thfldng, huin
luyen theo phUdng Tay. Thuy binh cd
17.000 quan vdi 3 chien thuyen kieu
phfldng Tay. Cd thuyen ldn bgc ddng tuin
dfldng, cd 100 chie’n thuyen ldn cd may bin
da va dai bac, 200 chien thuyen nhd trang
bi tfl 16 den 20 dai bae, 500 thuyen nhd
hdn cd mdy bin da vk 1 dai bac (51).
Thdi Minh Mang, mdi ve quan (500-600
linh) dfldc trang bi 2 dai bae thin edng va
200 khau thach cd dieu thUdng (ty le 4 tay
sung eho 10 linh).
Den thdi Tu Dflc, mac du phai dd’i diu vdi
Thflc dan Phap nhflng quan dgi lai trang bi
kem di. Viec mua vu khf phfldng Tay khdng
cdn dfldc thfldng xuyen vk tuy theo tflng dia
phudng. Vf du, nam 1882, Tu Dflc sai “quan
tinh Lang Sdn sang Hudng Cang hdi mua
200 cay sung Tay, 2 hdm dan (gia 414 lang
bae) de phdng dung eho viec quan tinh iy”
(52). Quan dgi trieu dinh, mdi dgi (50 linh)
chl ed 5 sung dieu thUdng, tflc ty le giam
xud’ng cdn 1 tay sung cho 10 linh. Hing
nam, quan Ifnh chi tap ban mgt lin, mdi tay
sung chi dfldc bin 6 vien dan.
Phfldng tien trang bi cho qudn dgi nha
Nguyin dUdc ndi tdi d day la nhflng thuyen
bgc ddng va tdu hdi nfldc che tao theo ky
thuat phUdng Tay. Ngoai nhflng tau,
thuyen do quan xUdng tfl che, nha Nguyin
cdn mua mgt so’ thuyen bgc ddng va tau cua
phfldng Tay de tang cfldng sflc manh eho
thuy quan (53).
Thdi Gia Long, thuy binh cd 3 chien
thuyen kieu phfldng Tay, ngoai ra cdn ed
thuyen ldn bgc ddng tuin dUdng. NhQng
thuyen kieu phUdng Tay ndy do nhflng
ngudi Phap thed giup dieu khien. Nguyin
van Chan quan tau “dai hieu PhUdng Phi”,
Nguyin Van Thing quan tau “dai hieu
Long Phi”, Le Van Lang quan tau “dai hieu
Bing Phi” (Chin, Thing, Lang la nhflng
ngfldi Phap, dfldc dat ten, hg Viet) (54). Ba
thuyen kieu Tay nay, mdi thuyen trang bi
30 dai bae.
Dang chu y trong cac phfldng tien eua
thuy quan nhd Nguyin la cac loai thuyen
(hay tau) may hdi nfldc mua dUde eua ngfldi
phfldng Tay. Day \k thfl thuyen chien tien
bg nha’t, chfla tflng cd trong thuy quan Viet
Nam trfldc thdi Nguyin Anh – Gia Long.
Thdi Minh Mang, Dao Tri Phu dUde cfl
sang phUdng Tay mua mgt chiee thuyen
36 Rghien ciiru Lich sfl. sg 3.2010
nho cd “may dd’t Ifla” dem ve. Chiee thuyen
nay dUdc dat nhflng ten ggi la Yen phi, Vu
phi, Hfldng phi. (55) Mac du mua tdu eua
phfldng Tay, song khdng chi ddn thuin
mua ve de dung ma vua Minh Mang rat
chu trgng den viec hgc tdp ky thuat phfldng
Tay de tu che tao. ‘• ” • r’^ i ft – ‘ •-” ”–
Sang thdi Thieu Tri, viec tii che thuyen
may giam di, nhUng viec mua sam lai dfldc
dau tfl nhieu hdn. Nam 1844, Dao Tri Phu
lai tfl phfldng Tay ve dang mgt thuyen ldn
CO “may dd’t Ifla”, tri gia hdn 280.000 quan
tien. Thuyen nay than dai 9 trUdng 5 thUdc
7 tac, be ngang 2 trfldng 1 thUdc 5 tie, be
sau 9 thude, khudn khd hdi to, chay tren
mat nude toan bing may mde ehuyen van.
Vi thuyen chay nhanh hdn ngUa phi nen
vua cho dat ten la “thuyen ldn cd may dd’t
Ifla, hieu la Dien phi” (56). Sflc chay cua
thuyen may nay, dfldc ghi chep trong sach
Dgi Nam thiic luc nhfl sau: “Tfl trfldc den
nay, cac thuyen bing ddng tfl ngoai bien
quay lai ve, vin den hang thang, the mk
thuyen Dien phi tfl ngoai bien ve khdng
day vai ngay da den cfla bien Can Thd tinh
Gia Dinh…, rdi lai nho neo chay den
Kinh… Ke tfl cfla bien Cin Thd den Kinh,
le thfldng di ngfla phai 4 ngay 6 gid 5 khic,
thuyen Dien phi di chi ma’t 3 ngay 6 gid,
the la nhanh hdn ngfla di dfldng bg 1 ngay
5 khic” (57). Cd the coi Dien phi la chiee
thuyen may hien dai nha’t trong lflc Ifldng
thuy quan Trieu Nguyen hdi ay.
Thdi Tfl Dflc, viec tfl che tau hdi nfldc
gin nhu da dflng lai, trieu dinh ehi eon biet
mua tau nfldc ngoai. Dieu mau thuin la Tfl
Dflc vfla lo dd’i phd vdi Phap, lai vfla phai
trdng cay vao Phap. Nam 1864, chiee tau
ldn bgc ddng diu tien nhd Phap mua tai
Hfldng Gang da den cfla bien Thuan An,
sau hdn 4 ngay dem di dUdng. Trieu dinh
dat ten tau nay la “Min thda khf cd dai
ddng thuyen” (58). Nam 1865, Tfl Dfle lai
cfl vien Ngoai lang Bg Cdng la Hodng Van
Xfldng den nhd Phap va cung phai vien
Phap di Hfldng Gang mua mgt con tdu
khac. Mua xong, Hoang Van Xfldng thue
ngfldi lai tau ve (59).
Cd dfldc phUdng tien hien dai, vin dd
dat ra la phai bao dfldng, sfla chfla vk tfl lai
dfldc tau. Bdi the, nam 1864, Trieu dinh da
“giao cho Thuy sfl va Vu khd’ tuyen chgn 8
ngfldi phai di theo tdu thuy cua Phap de
hgc lai va sfla chfla. Cfl vien Ngoai lang
Hoang Van Xfldng va Cai dgi Le Van Man
giQ chflc chanh va phd quan. Mdi ngfldi mdi
ngay dfldc cap 1 quan 5 tien” (60). Nam
1865, Trieu dinh Ifla chgn mgt so’ hoa tieu
vk thd may (ngfldi Au va Trung Qud’c) ma
Hoang Van Xfldng da thue dfla tdu tfl
Hfldng Gang ve trfldc dd, de thue hg hfldng
ddn, ddo tao thuy thu trong thdi han 1
nam, lUdng thang tuy theo cdng viec tra tfl
30 ddng den 300 ddng. Trieu dinh giao eho
Bg Binh liia chgn 1 quan do’c, 2 suit dgi va
100 linh thfly khde manh de chuyen hgc.
Bien ly Hoang Tuan Tfch dfldc cfl lam quan
do’c (61). Tien xa hdn nfla, ndm 1865, theo
de nghi cua Pham Phu Thfl, “Trieu dinh
eho lap “Nha Thuy hgc” de dao tao ngfldi
lai tau, thuyen di tren bien” (62).
Theo thd’ng ke cua Tien si Nguyin Van
Dang, tfl nam 1839 den nam 1876, Nha
Nguyin ed tat thay 16 chiee tau may hdi
nfldc, trong dd cd 3 chiee do quan xfldng
nha Nguyen tU ddng tren cd sd md phdng
tau phUdng Tay (vao cae nam 1839, 1840),
8 chiee mua cua nfldc ngodi (vao cac ndm
1840, 1844, 1865, 1866, 1870, 1872) va 5
chiee do Phap tang (vao nam 1876) (63).
Phan ldn so’ tdu may hdi nUdc ndi tren dfldc
dung vao viec qud’c phdng, chi mgt vai chiee
ddi khi sfl dung eho cac ehuyen cdng can
eua quan chflc trieu dinh ra nfldc ngoai.
gTot so thanh tuu ciia nha Rguyen… 37
Tuy nhien, vin de Id d chd nhflng con tau
dd cd phat huy dfldc tac dung hay khong,
nha’t la trong viec tuin duyen, cho’ng hai
tac va cac the liie ngoai bang xdm nhap hai
phan qud’c gia.
Tren thflc te, mac du quan dgi nha
Nguyen dUde trang bi tau may hdi nfldc,
song viec van hanh va sfla chfla cae tau
may dd rat khd khan. Trieu dinh cd chu y
de’n viec ddo tao thd sfla chfla, nhflng den
cud’i thdi Tfl Dfle, cac tdu may hdi nUde deu
lan Ifldt bi vd va hdng hdc md khong the
khic phuc dUdc.
5. Trong linh vUc kie’n triic qudc phong
Ky thuat phUdng Tay dfldc hg Nguyin
ap dung vao linh vflc kien true qud’c phong
tfl kha sdm, ngay tfl khi Nguyin Anh con
cho’ng Tay Sdn, vdi eac thanh luy: Sai Gdn
(1790), Dien Khanh (1793)….
Sau khi nha Nguyin thanh lap, ky
thuat kien true kieu phfldng Tay da dfldc
ap dung dd’i vdi hi u het cac thdnh luy cua
trieu dai ndy, tfl Kinh thanh Hue (1802-
1842) tdi eac tra’n thanh: Gia Dinh thanh
(1830, 1837), Bic thanh (tflc thdnh Ha Ngi,
1803), va eac tinh thanh, trong dd tieu bieu
phai ke den: Bic Ninh (1805), Sdn Tay
(1822), Hai DUdng, Nam Dinh, Nghe An
(1831), Dien Hai (Da Ning, 1847); ngoai ra
cdni a Cao Bing, Lang Sdn, HUng Yen,
HUng Hda, Thanh Hda, Quang Nam,
Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, Phu Yen, Bien
Hda, Vinh Long, Ha Tien… Tdng cgng cd tdi
29 tinh thanh, 1 Kinh sfl (Hue) va phu
Thfla Thien dUde kien true theo kieu
phfldng Tay. Tham chi, ca nhflng ddn canh,
phao dai nhd (Co Td, Nggc Vflng…) eung
dfldc xay dflng theo kieu thflc mdi, mac du
cac nguyen tic ve phong thuy vin dUdc
tuan thu nghiem ngat.
Ky thuat kien true dUdc nha Nguyen ap
dung ddng loat cho cac thanh luy la kieu
thflc Vo bang (Vauban) – mgt dang kien true
quan sU thien ve phdng ngii, vd’n thinh hanh
d Phap va Tay Au the ky XVII-XVIII (64).
Kieu thanh Vd-bang ndi bat len vdi viec bo’
trf cae phao dai (bastion), nhflng phao dai
gdc (lunnette d’angle), nhflng phao nhan
(ambrassure), nhflng dfldng chan thanh
ngoai (berme), nhflng dfldng ngoai hao
(glacis)…(65). De ap dung ky thuat xay
thanh kieu Vd bang, Nguyin Anh khdng chi
nghien cflu nhflng tai lieu ve kieu kien tnic
nay, ma eon dfldc sfl cd’ van trflc tiep cua cae
si quan Phap, dae lflc nhat la
V.O.Puymanel.
Tda thanh kieu Vd bang diu tien dfldc
Nguyin Anh xay dUng la thanh Sai Gdn,
tren da’t Gia Dinh. V.O. Puymanel \k ngUdi
trflc tiep giam sat thi cong, eung vdi
Theodore Lebrun-mgt si quan edng binh
Phap khac, ngfldi chiu trach nhiem hga dd
thiet ke tda thanh. Thang 3 nam 1790,
thanh dUde khdi cdng xay diing va hoan
thanh sau dd 3 thang. Sach Dgi Nam thiic
luc mo ta: ‘Thanh dip theo kieu Bat Quai,
b gifla la eung dien, ben ta diing nha Thai
Mieu, phfa sau mieu la kho tang, ben hflu
dat cue che tao… GiQa san dflng ky dai ba
ting, tren lam vgng dau bat giac Tam cfla
thanh deu xay bing da ong ngang dgc cd
tam dudng, Dong sang Tay dai 131 trfldng
2 thfldc. Nam sang Bic cung the, cao 13
thudc, chan diy 7 trfldng 5 thfldc. Phia
ngoai thanh la hao, cd cau treo bic ngang.
Chu vi ngoai thanh la 794 trfldng… (66).
Mgt tai lieu cua Bd ngoai giao Phdp nam
1791 CO doan viet: “Cae dng Olivier vk Le
Brun, si quan Phap, da cung cap cho nha
vua (chl Nguyin Anh) mgt hga dd thanh
phd dUde cung cd’. Ngay sau dd, nha vua
38 Rghito cijru Lich sfl. sg 3.2010
mudn xay dflng mdt thanh liiy…” (67). Viec
xay dung tda thanh nay da dem den cho
Nguyin Anh ldi the nhit dinh trfldc lUc
lUdng Tay Sdn. Nguyen Anh do v^y cang
quye’t tam ap dung ky thuat xay thanh
kieu phUdng Tay rgng rai hdn. Sau nay, bdi
nhieu ly do, vua Minh Mang cho pha thanh
Bat Quai de xay thanh Sai Gdn mdi vao
nam 1837, nhUng vi n dfldc thiet ke theo
kieu kien true phUdng Tay. ?.
Tda thanh thfl hai dUdc hg Nguyen xay
dUng theo dd an thie’t ke phUdng Tay dd la
thanh Dien Khanh (each Thanh phd Nha
Trang ngay nay 10 km ve phfa Tay). Nam
1793, quan Nguyin tien danh Dien Khanh.
Sau khi diy lui dUdc quan Tay Sdn,
Nguyin Anh da eho xay diing lai tda
thanh, bien ndi day thanh can cfl quan sU
kien cd. Cdng trinh do V.O Puymanel cung
vdi Ba Da Lgc vk Hoang tfl Canh thiic thi.
Thanh Dien Khanh cd dien tfch 36.000m,
la mgt quin the kie’n true quan sii kieu Vd
bang. Tudng thanh hinh luc giac nhUng
khdng deu nhau, dai 2.693m dip bing
da’t, cao khoang 3,5m. Tren mdi canh,
tudng thanh lai chia thanh nhieu doan
nhd, udn lUdn, nen eac gdc thanh khdng
nhd hi n ra ma vin dam bao quan sat dUdc
hai ben. Mat ngoai tudng thanh gin nhU
diing dflng, mat trong ed do thoai va dfldc
dip thanh hai bac, tao dfldng van chuyen
thuan ldi. Ben ngoai thanh cd hao nfldc sau
tfl 3 den 5 m bao quanh. Thanh cd 6 cfla,
sau sfla lai cdn 4 cfla Ddng-Tay-Nam
(Tien)-Bie (Hdu).
Nam 1802, Phu Xuan (Hue) dfldc chgn
ldm Kinh dd. Cdng viec xay diing Kinh
thanh dUdc tien hanh khi n trUdng. Kinh
thanh Hue dUdc xay diing tfl nam 1802 va
tie’p tuc trong sudt 40 nam sau. Thanh xay
3 vdng tudng, vdng ngoai kieu Vd bang vdi
dd an gin vudng, chu vi gin 9.000 mdt.
Ngoai 4 phao dai d 4 gdc, moi mat tudng
cdn xay 5 phao dai. Ngoai tfldng thanh cd
Hg Thanh hao, phia trUdc cd sdng HUdng.
Ngoai mdp hao cd tUdng cao 1,3 m6t lam b§
dflng bi n cho linh canh. Phfa gdc Ddng
Bic, Kinh thanh xay thdng vdi ddn Mang
Ca-mgt phao dai ldn ciing dUdc kien tnic
theo ki^u Vd bang. Nhi n xdt ve tda thanh,
nSm 1819, Le Roy- thuyen trUdng tau
Henri cho ring: “Kinh thanh Hud nhit
dinh la phao dai dep nhat… d An Dg-Chi
Na” (68).
Mgt tda thdnh khac, dien hinh cho kieu
thflc kien tnic phUdng Tay dUdc nha
Nguyin ap dung, dd la Bic thanh (tflc
thanh Ha Ngi). VSn vdi binh dd cfla mgt
thanh luy kieu Vd-bang, Bic thanh dUdc
Gia Long cho khdi cdng xay diing tfl thang
Gieng nam 1803. Bic thanh ciing lam theo
dd an hinh vudng, mdi mat tfldng bd tri hai
phao dai, mdi gdc deu cd phao dai gdc.
Thanh cd 5 cfla, moi mSt Bic, Ddng va Tay
md mgt cfla, rieng mat Nam md hai cfla
Ddng Nam va Tay Nam 6 chinh giiia doan
tfldng thanh thing, ndi phao dai gdc vdi
mgt phdo dai ben canh. Cung nhu hi u het
cac thanh liiy Viet Nam thdi trung dai, mat
Nam la mat chfnh cfla Bic thanh. Vdi quy
md va kieu dang kien true nay, Bic thanh
dUdc coi la mgt “mSu miic” cfla hg thdng
thanh luy “can dai hda” b Viet Nam.
Mac du ap dung ky thuat xay dUng
phUdng Tay, song he thdng thanh liiy nha
Nguyen vi n la mdt sU ket hdp giiia kieu
thflc phao dai Vd bSng va nhiing nhiing
yeu td dich ly phUdng Ddng. NhU nhSn x€t
cfla L.Bddaxie: “Cac Hoang de Vigt Nam
thudng vin duy tri kieu dd an hinh vuong
cfla nhQng thanh cd, chi bd sung th§m
nhQng phao dai va nhflng phao dai gdc theo
cac phUdng thflc cfla Vd-bang” (69). Su li^a
chgn the da’t de xay thanh theo thuyet
Pgt sg thjinh hjru cfla nha Rguy^. 39
phong thfly; viec kie’n true ky ddi ddng thdi
vdi vai trd cfla mgt vgng canh… la nhQng
bieu hign de ta nhdn ra sU khac biet cua
nhQng tda thdnh kieu Vd-bang dUde nha
Nguyin xay diing tren dit nUde Viet Nam.
6. Cdc thdnh tUu khdc ^J v j^
Dudi thdi Nguyin, viec thiet ldp ban dd
de quan ly lanh thd cung nhU viec sfl dung
cac cdng cu de do, ve, xac dinh phUdng
hudng da kha phd bien. Ky thudt hga dd
cung nhu nhQng hieu biet cua ngUdi Viet
Nam trong linh vUe nay da cd nhQng bUde
tien mdi nhd sii tiep xuc vdi phUdng Tay.
J.M. Dayot trong thdi gian giup Nguyin
Anh, da tie’n hanh khao sat thfly van va
lam ra nhieu ban do ve bd bien Viet Nam,
cung vdi ngUdi em trai \k Felix Dayot.
Thdi Minh Mang, de kiem soat bd bien,
nam 1839, nha vua da “Cho sao luc ban dd
hai phan, cfla bien d cac hat va sach tap
dudng bien cung cac loai dung cu nhU
ddng hd cit, dia ban, thUdc… giao cho cac
Thuy sU trong Kinh va cac tinh” (70). De
cd cai nhin toan dien hdn ve the gidi, nam
1840, Minh Menh cdn “sai Ndi cac soan
dUa ra mdt bd sach ndi ve hinh ve dai ciu
cua Tay dUdng” (71). Cung dUdi thdi Minh
Mang, cdng trinh “An Nam Dai Qudc Hga
Dd” da dUde ve bdi giao si Jean-Louis
Taberd. Ban dd ndy dUde i n hanh trong
sach Dictionarium Latino-Annamitieum
completum et novo ordine dispositum (Tfl
dien Viet-Latin), xuit ban nam 1838 cung
bdi giao si tren.
Cudi cung, phai ndi den mgt thanh tiiu
nQa ma nha Nguyin da dat dfldc trong viec
hgc tap ky thuat phfldng Tay, dd \k ky nghe
lam dd Phap lam. “Phap lam” bit ngudn tfl
chQ “Phalang” (cd gdc tfl chfl France) do
ngfldi Trung Hoa dung de chi ky thuat lam
dd kim loai trang men ma eac giao si
phfldng Tay da truyen cho hg, rdi ky thuat
nay du nhap vao Viet Nam (tfl thdi Minh
Mang). Nam 1827, trieu dinh “Dat cue thd
Phap lam chuyen che tao cac dd dung bing
ddng trang men, gdm 15 ngfldi” (72). Ky
nghe nay thinh hanh dfldi cac trieu vua
Minh Mang, Thieu Tri, Tfl Dfle, rdi sa sut
din. Phap lam cdn la mdt loai hinh my
thuat, va la mgt loai vdt ligu dae bigt, dfldc
sfl dung nhieu trong viec trang tri ngi
ngoai thit cac cung dien d Hue. Dd la
nhflng tac pham my thuat hay cac chi tiet
trang tri trong kien true. ” –
7. Mot so nhan xet
Hdn tit ca mgi trieu dai phong kien
trfldc dd, nha Nguyin da tie’p thu tri thflc
phfldng Tay ngay tfl budi diu eua trieu dai
nay. Sfl tiep thu dd dfldc thflc hien bing
nhieu eon dfldng: qua cac tdi lieu sach vd,
qua vigc kham pha tnic tiep cac san pham
cdng nghe dUde dung lam miu vat de hgc
tap, va qua viec sfl dung tnic tiep dgi ngu
cd’ vin phfldng Tay (nhfl d thdi ky Nguyen
Anh-Gia Long). Trong sfl tiep thu, hgc tap
phfldng Tay, nha Nguyen flu tien cho muc
dfch quan sfl. Dieu dd \k dieu dl hieu, bdi
nd cd anh hfldng trflc tiep den sfl hflng
vong cua hg Nguyin va che do cai tri cua
ddng hg nay.
Trong sfl tiep thu tri thflc phfldng Tay,
Gia Long la vi vua tfch cflc nhit, tiep dd la
Minh Mang. Nhflng thanh tflu cua cae vua
Gia Long, Minh Mang da md ra trien vgng
cho sfl hien dai hda dit nfldc.
Tuy nhien, nhflng “nd nin” eua Nguyen
Anh khi ciu cflu phfldng Tdy de chdng Tay
Sdn da tao ra nhflng mdi nguy hai cho dit
nfldc. NhQng ngfldi Phap tflng gi’up hg
Nguyin khdi phuc quyen lflc va tham gia
vao bd may trieu dinh da nim rd kha rd
thflc lflc, he thd’ng phdng thu cua nfldc Dai
40 Rghien cuu Ljch sfl. sg 3.2010
Nam vd cung cap nhflng thdng tin ay cho
Thflc dan Phap. NhQng han che mang tfnh
lich sfl cua Gia Long, Minh Mang cung da
khien cho vigc tiep thu, hgc tdp phfldng Tay
bi kim ham. NhQng ngfldi thfla ke ngai
vang sau dd (Thieu Tri, Tu Dfle), khdng
nhflng khdng ldm cho vigc hgc tap phfldng
Tay them phat trien, ma cdn khien cho
nhflng thanh tflu vdn da dat dfldc bi xdi
mdn. Vi vdy, neu nhfl d budi diu, viec tiep
thu, hgc tap phfldng Tay cdn phan anh the
di len cua trieu dai va khat vgng nim bit
nhflng gia tri tien tien cfla nhan loai, thi
nhQng gi diin ra dfldi trieu Tfl Dfle chi la
nhflng nd lflc tuyet vgng eua trieu Nguyin
trong tinh the dat nfldc dang tflng bflde bi
Phdp thdn tfnh. •
Cung do viec hgc tdp phfldng Tay phu
thugc vao tim nhin cfla mdi vi vua ma
khdng phai la mdt chu trfldng cd tfnh chien
Ifldc vk nhit quan cfla ca trieu dai nen “con
dfldng duy tan” da khdng dfldc thflc hien d
Viet Nam nfla diu the ky XIX. NhQng
thanh tflu ky thuat ft di dat dfldc khdng
phat trien theo thdi gian. May mdc tii che
vk mua cua nUdc ngoai khdng dUdc bao
dudng, vdn hanh va sfla chfla thUdng
xuyen. Vu khi mdi khdng dUdc phit trien,
cai tien va thao diin thui n thuc, nen khi
lam tran khdng phat huy dUdc tac dung.
Quan ddi nha Nguyin sau nay vin tac
chien theo binh phap cu va sfl dung cac loai
binh khf truyen thdng (gUdm, dao). Trong
bao cao gfli Thd’ng do’c Nam Ky ngay 7-11-
1878, Paul Philastre-dai bien lam thdi
Phap tai Hue cho biet: “Chfnh phfl An Nam
da nhan dUde 2000 khiu sung, dd Id thfl
khf gidi tam dung dfldc neu ngfldi ta chiu
cham sdc nd. Ngay bay gid hoac mgt nam
sau nfla la eung, ed le khdng mgt khiu
sung ndo trong sd ay cdn dung dfldc binh
thfldng. Cac tdu thfly cung the, cai gi cung
vay ea. Ngfldi ta da mua rdi ngfldi ta de
mac cho thdi di hoac ra rdi vi thieu cham
sdc” (73). i
Trong viec tiep thu tri thflc phfldng Tay,
nha Nguyen flu tien cho linh vflc quan sU.
Mgt he thd’ng thanh luy kien cd va ingt sd
lUdng dang ke sung dai bac da dUdc trien
khai tren todn qudc. Tuy nhien, tU tuSng
phdng ngu, qua diia dim vao thanh luy
ma xa rdi truyen thdng chien tranh nhan
dan da khien cho cugc ddi di u cfla quan
ddi trieu Nguyen vdi quan Phap lien tiep
gap tha’t bai. Hg thdng thanh ^uy va sung
dai bac, mac du dUdc tao ra tren cd sd ap
dung ky thudt phUdng Tay, nhUng deu da
lac hau so vdi chfnh phUdng Tay tren dUdi
mgt the ky. Thanh Ha Ngi la cdng trinh
phdng thu tdt nhi t cfla nha Nguyin d Bic
Ky, song theo dieu tra nam 1876 cfla De
Kergaradec-lanh sU Phap di u tien tai Ha
Ngi: “Tren mSt thanh cd 49 khi u dai bac.
NhUng ti t ca deu bi gi sdt va chic chin la
khdng phat phao dUdc” (74). Mgt hg thdng
thdnh luy nhU vdy dUdng nhien khdng the
ehdng lai cugc ti n cdng eua quan ddi Phap
cd kha nang tac chien hign dai va vu khf
tdi tan, vUdt xa so vdi quan ddi nha
Nguyin.
Ciu cflu, tiep thu phUdng Tay nhUng
cudi cung lai bi phUdng Tay thdn tfnh, sU
that cay ding i y da dien ra trong lich sfl
Viet Nam dUdi thdi Nguyin. Mgt sU tiep
thu hdi hdt vk nha’t thdi da khdng lam cho
da’t nUdc giQ dUde sU hung manh lau dai.
Nen ddc ldp cua dan tgc bj chdn vui bdi
chfnh nhQng phao ddi kieu Phap ma ho
Nguyin da tao nen.
rogt sg thanh hiu ciia nha Rguyln. 41
CHU THtCH
(1). Ba Da Loc, nguyen tdn li Pierre Joseph
Georges Pigneau de Behaine (1741- 1799), li mpt
giao si ngfldi Phap, dd’n Hi Tien nim 1767 Ai bit
diu truyd’n giao tai Ding Trong. Nim 1777,
Nguyin Anh bj quin Tay Sdn truy dudi, chay ra
dao Thd Chu vi gip Bi Da Lpc cl d6. Nhin thi’y cd
hpi tdt cho m\ic tidu truyen giio, Ba Da Lpc da tfl
nguydn di theo giup Nguyin Anh.
Nim 1784, Nguyin Anh giao con trai ca li
Canh cho Ba Da Lpc lim con tin di ciu vi$n
phfldng Tiy. Sau khi nhflng hi^p fldc do Ba Da Lpc
dai di^n cho Nguyin Anh ky kd’t v6i Trieu dinh Bo
Dio Nha (1786) vi nfldc Phip (1787) khong dflpc
thflc hipn, Bi Da Lpc da vin dpng mpt sd quan
nhin phfldng Tiy vdi tfl cich ci nhin giup Nguyin
Anh chdng l?i Tiy Sdn. Nguyin Anh do viy coi Ba
Da Lpc li in nhan. Ba Da Lpc mi’t khi quin
Nguyin viy thinh Quy Nhdn dinh Tiy Sdn nim
1799, dfl^c Nguyin Anh truy phong li “Thii tii
Thii ph6 Bi-nhu Quin cong”.
(2). Philippe Vannier (1762-1842) li mpt si
quan hai quin Phap, giup Nguyin Anh theo ldi
keu gpi cua Bi Da Lpc. Nim 1790, Nguyin Anh
giao cho Vannier chi huy mpt con tiu trong ham
dpi quin Nguyin. Nim 1792, Vannier tham gia
danh trin Quy Nhdn. Nim 1800, Vannier chi huy
tiu Phflpng Phi, con tiu ldn nhi’t trong lflc Ifldng
hai quin ciia Nguyin Anh. Nim 1801, Vannier lai
tham gia dinh trin Quy Nhdn lin nfla vi dflpc
thing Do ddc Hai quin. Sau khi chid’n tranh kd’t
thuc, Vannier d lai lim quan Trieu Nguyin, dd’n
nim 1826 mdi rdi Vipt Nam cflng thdi gian vdi
Chaigneau.
(3), (46). Victor Olivier de Puymanel (1768-
1799) li mpt si quan cong binh ngfldi Phip, ngnidi
d6ng vai tro chii chdt trong vifc giiip Nguyin Anh
hifn dai h6a quin dpi. Puymanel dflpc Nguyen
Anh giao chi dao xiy dflng cic toa thinh Bit Quii
(Gia Djnh), Dien Khanh (Nha Trang); hui’n luyfn
quin Nguyin sii dving hoa khf hif n d^i vi dfla
phfldng phip tic chie’n bp binh chau Au vio quan
dpi ciia Nguyin Anh. Nim 1793, Puymanel tham
gia danh chid’m Nha Trang nim trong tay quin
Tiy Sdn. Puymanel dflpc ghi nhin li di giup
Nguyin Anh hui’n luypn hdn 50.000 bp binh.
(4), (47). Jean-Marie Dayot (1759-1809) li mpt
si quan hai quin Phap, dfldc Nguyin Anh tin ciy
giao cho hui’n luypn ve” thuy binh. Nim 1790
Dayot da dfldc giao chi huy mpt ddn vj hai quin
trong d6 co hai tiu chid’n kieu Chiu Au. Dayot da
tham gia cic trin hai chie’n chdng Tiy Sdn vio cic
nim 1792, 1793. Ngoii ra, Dayot con thflc hipn cic
cong vipc trong linh viic thiiy vin, lim ra nhiiu
ban &o bd bien Vipt Nam, mi ngffldi ve li em traiFdlix Dayot. Nim 1795, tiu ciia Dayot bj mic can,
do d6 bj kd’t tpi sd suit vi bj phat gong. Tflc giin,
Dayot rdi khoi quin dpi ciia Nguyin Anh.
(5). Dgi Nam tUc luc. Tip II, Nxb. Sii hpc. Hi
Npi, 1963, tr. 124. –
(6). Tham khao them: Nguyin Manh Dung,
“Xuyin qudc gia vd da chung tdc ddu thdi Nguyin
Anh-Gia long-Them mgt goc nhin vi lich sd Viet
nam cudi thi’ ky XVIII-ddu XIX. Tap chi Nghiin
cdu Lich sd, 80 7-2008, tr.ll.
(7). Do bj nghi ngd hoat dpng giin dipp, nhflng
ngfldi nfldc ngoii niy khong con dflpc Minh Mang
trpng dung. Nim 1824, Vannier vi Chaigneau
(nhflng ngfldi phfldng Tiy cudi cflng trong Trieu
Nguyin) “xin” ve nfldc. Minh Mang “ban thfldng vi
cho ve”.
(8). Xem Nguyin Vin Ding: Hogt dgng cua cdc
xUdng sdn xudt vd khi d Hue thdi Nguyin. Tap chf
Nghien cdu Lich sd,&6b-200l,X,r.Q2.
(9), (18). Nguyin Am-Kim Ngpc: Viec ch^ tgo
binh khi d nUdc ta nda cudi the’ky XIX, trong Qudn
ddi nhdn ddn Viet Nam, truyin thdng vd hien dgi.
Nxb. Tfl did’n bach khoa, 2004, tr. 247.
(10), (11), (13), (16). Xem Nguyen Vin Ding: Hoot
42 Rghl6n euru Ljch sfl. sg 3.2010
dgng cua cdc xUdng sdn xudt fu khi d Hue thdi
Nguyin. T^ip chf Nghien cvCu Lich sit, so 5-2001, tr.
64.
(12). Dgi Nam thUc luc, tip XXIX, Nxb. Khoa
hpc xa hpi. Hi Npi, tr. 34.
(14). Viit Nam-NhOng sU kiin lich sii (Tit khdi
thdy den 1858). Nxb. Giao due, 2003, tr. 406.
(15). Bgi Nam thUc luc, tip XVI, Nxb. Khoa
hoc. Hi Npi, 1966, tr. 271.
(17). Dfldng Kinh Qudc: Viet Nam- Nhiing sU
kiin lich sd (1858-1918). Nxb. Giio di^c, 2003, tr.
16.
(19), (21), (22). Dfldng Kinh Qudc: Viet NamNhOng sU kiin lich sd (1858-1918), sdd, tr. 14.
(20). Bgi Nam thiic luc, tip XXVIII, Nxb. Khoa
hpc xa hpi. Hi Npi, 1973, tr. 234.
(23). Xem Nguyen Vin Ding: Hogt ddng cda
cdc xUdng sdn xudt vd khi d Hud thdi Nguyin, tldd,
tr. 67.
(24). Bgi Nam thUc luc, tip IX, Nxb. Khoa hpc.
Hi Npi, 1964, tr. 340.
(25). Dfldng Kinh Qudc: Viet Nam- NhSng sii
kiin Hch sH (1858-1918), sdd, tr. 38.
(26). Din theo Nguyen Vin Ding: Ngdnh dong
thuyin d Hue thdi Nguyin (1802-1884), Tap chf
Nghien cdu Lich sd, sd 6-2004, tr. 22-23.
(27). Din theo Vu Huy Phuc: Tii’u thu cdng
nghiip Viet Nam 1858-1945, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi.
Hi Npi, 1996, tr. 42-43.
(28). Din theo Nguyen Vin Ding: Ngdnh dong
thuyen dHue thdi Nguyin (1802-1884), tldd, tr. 28.
(29). Oai Nam thUc luc, tip XXV, Nxb. Khoa
hpc xi hpi. Hi Npi, 1971, tr. 309.
(30). Din theo Nguyen Vin Ding: Ngdnh dong
thuyin d Hue thdi Nguyin (1802-1884), tldd, tr. 29.
(31), (32), (35). Din theo Nguyin Vin Ding:
Ngdnh dong thuyin d Hue thdi Nguyin (1802-
1884), tldd, tr. 30.
(33). Dgi Nam thUc luc, tip XXI, Nxb. Khoa hoc
xa hpi. Hi Npi, 1969, tr. 76.
(34). Hoing Vin Lich (1774 – 1849) li thd cd
khf ndi ti^ng thdi Nguyin. Thcii Gia Long, ong lim
vifc d dpi Thach Cd (miy da). Thdi Minh Mang,
ong dfl(?c thing Chinh Tri aif kidm quan Vii khd
Ddc cong sfl vvi. Nim 1939, ong chd tao thinh cong
chiee tiu thuy chay b^ng hdi nfldc diu tidn, tai tao
tfl chid’c tiu thiiy mua ciia Tay phfldng da bj hong.
6ng con ddng thinh cong them ba chid’c khac. Ong
li mpt trong nhflng ngudi khcli diu ngh^ cd khf
Viet Nam.
(36). Dgi Nam thiic luc, tip XXII, Nxb. Khoa
hoc xa hpi. Hi Npi, 1969, tr. 162-163.
(37). Din theo Nguyin Thd’Anh: Kinh tdvd xa
hdi Viet Nam dUdi cdc vua trieu Nguyin. Nxb. Vin
hpc, 2008, tr. 184.
(38). Viet Nam-NhOng sU kien lich sd (Tit khdi
thdy den 1858), sdd, tr. 410.
(39). Dgi Nam thUc luc, tip IX, Nxb. Khoa hoc.
Hi Npi, 1964, tr. 340.
(40). Dgi Nam thUc luc, tip XIV, Nxb. Khoa
hpc. Hi Npi, tr. 238.
(41). Bgi Nam thUc luc, tap XIX, Nxb. Khoa hoc
xa hpi. Hi Npi, 1968, tr. 193.
(42). Bat Nam thUc luc, tip XX, Nxb. Khoa hpc
xa hpi. Hi Npi, 1968, tr. 84-85.
(43). Viet Nam-NhOng sU kien lich sd (Tit khdi
thuy den 1858). sdd, tr. 451.
(44). Dfldng Kinh Qudc: Viet Nam- NhUng syt
kien lich sd (1858-1918), sdd, tr. 49.
(45). Din theo Vu Huy Phiic: Tiiu thu cdng
nghiip Viet Nam 1858-194, sdd, tr. 53-54.
rogt sg fctoh Ufa cfla nhh Rguygn. 43
(48), (49), (50), (51). Din theo D5 Vin Ninh:
Qudn ddi thdi Nguyen, T^ip chf Nghiin citu Lich
sur, sd 6-1993, tr. 45.
(52). Nguyin Am-Kim Ngpc: Viic chd tgo binh
khi d nUdc ta nda cudi theky XIX, trong Qudn dgi
nhdn ddn Viit Nam, truyin thd’ng vd hiin dgi, sdd,
tr. 245. :-ir.
(53). Thing 6 nim 1866, chid’c tiu bpc ddng ldn
thfl 2 mua d Hfldng Cang cip bd’n Thuin An sau 3
ngiy ddm di dfldng. Triiu dinh dit ten con tiu li:
“Thuin Tifp khf cd dai ddng thuyin”. Tiu Thuin
Tifp san xui’t nim 1864, dii 9 tnipng 3 thfldc, 6
ti’c, rdng 1 trfldng 6 thfldc, siu 8 thfldc 3 ti’c; trpng
tai 40 van cin, thin bpc ddng, c6 hai ting, 1 dng
khdi, 2 c5t budn. Khf cu kdm theo tiu gom: 6 khiu
dai phio, 15 khiu Dieu Sang, 5 khiu Ma Sang…
Tiu do hoa tidu ngUdi Phap lii vd’, vdi sfl hd trp
ciia 3 chinh khan tieu ngfldi Anh vi 38 thiiy thii,
th(J miy ngudi nfldc ngoii. Trieu dinh cho lflu hoa
tieu ngfldi Phip cflng 3 chinh khan tidu ngfldi
Anh d lai 1 nim de dio tao, hfldng din cho thiiy
thu Vift Nam. Nim 1870, mpt chid’c tiu bpc ddng
ldn nfla mua tfl nfldc ngoii dflpc dfla vio cila.
Thuin An. Triiu dinh dit tdn li tiu “Ding Huy”.
Tiu dii 7 trflpng 2 thfldc 9 ti’c 5 phin; rpng 1
trfl(?ng 5 thfldc 1 ti’c; siu 7 thfldc 8 ti’c 5 phin. Trj
gii 72.824 ddng bac. Sd ngfldi cai quan gidng nhfl
ddi vdi tiu Min thoa vi Thuin Tifp trfldc diy”.
Nim 1872, nhi Nguyin mua lai mot chid’c tiu bpc
ddng ciia Dflc, vdi gia 4 van ddng bac, dit tdn tiu
li “Viin Thong”. Diy li chid’c tiu thfl tfl mua ciia
nfldc ngoii thdi Tu Dflc.” (Din theo Dfldng Kinh
Qudc: Viet Nam – Nhitng sU kiin lich sd (1858-
1918), sdd, tr. 59; 79-80; 88). Sau niy, d$i tiu may
hdi nfldc ciia nhi Nguyin cdn cd them 5 chide niia
do Phip ting vio nim 1876.
(54). Dgi Nam tUc luc, tip II, Nxb. Sii hpc. Hi
Npi, 1963, tr. 345.
(55), (56). Bgi Nam thUc luc. Tip XXV, Nxb.
Khoa hpc xi hpi. Hi Nfi, 1971, tr. 108, 109.
(57). Bgi Nam thUc luc, tip XXV, sdd, tr. 111.
(58), (59). DUdng Kinh Qudc: Viet Nam – Nhdng
sUkien lich sd (1858-1918), sdd, tr. 52-53.
(60). Dfldng Kinh Qudc: Viet Nam – Nhitng sU
kiin lich sd (1858-1918), sdd, tr. 45.
(61), (62). Dfldng Kinh Qudc: Viet Nam – Nhdng
sU kien lich sd (1858-1918), sdd, tr. 52; 53.
(63). Din theo Nguyin Vin Ding: Ngdnh dong
thuyin d Hue’ thdi Nguyin (1802-1884), tldd, tr.
32.
(64). Kiiu kid’n true niy do Sdbastien Le
Prestre (1633 -1707)-Hlu tfldc xfl Vauban (nfldc
Phap) phit minh. 6ng vdn li mpt ky sfl quin sfl,
ndi tidng nhd ki ning trong sang chd’ cong ax^ vi
xiy di^ng thinh luy. 6ng da cd vi’n cho vua Louis
XIV ciing cd bien gidi nfldc Phap vdi mpt hf thdng
33 toa thinh vi 300 ddn luy, lim cho chung trd
ndn “bit kha xim pham”. Vauban do viy di trd
thinh tdn gpi kiiu kid’n true do Sdbastien Le
Prestre sing tao ra.
(65). Do Vin Ninh: Thdnh cd Viit Nam. Nxb
Khoa hpc xa hpi. Hi Npi, 1983, tr. 129.
(66), (67). Din theo Ld Nguyin: Thdnh cd Sdi
Gbn-Mdy vdn di vi triiu Nguyin, Nxb. Tre, 2006,
tr. 18, 19.
(68). Din theo Do Vin Ninh: Qudn dgi thdi
Nguyin, T^p chi Nghien cdu Lich sd, sd 6-1993, tr.
47.
(69). Do Vin Ninh: Thdnh cd Viet Nam. Sdd, tr.
166-167.
(70). Viet Nam- Nhitng sU kiin lich sd (Tit khdi
thuy den 1858), sdd, tr. 432.
(71). Cot Nam thiic luc, tip XXII, Nxb. Khoa
hpc xi hpi. Hi Npi, 1969, tr. 168.
(73), (74). Yoshiharu Tsuboi: NUdc Bgi Nam
ddi di^n vdi Phdp vd Trung Hoa 1847-1885. Hpi Sii
hpc Vipt Nam, Hi Npi, 1992, tr. 127, 123.
